Columbus was a hero / Samuel Eliot Morison -- Columbus was a pitiable man / Justin Winsor -- Columbus is a Christian hero : a Catholic view in 1892 / Pope Leo XIII -- Columbus's role in Christianity should be reassessed : views from 1992 / Jack Wintz -- The conquistadors' motives were pure / Jean Descola -- The conquistadors were murderers / Bartolomé de las Casas -- The conquistadors fought in self-defense / Bernal Díaz del Castillo -- The conquistadors fought without reason / Miguel Leon-Portilla -- Natural law justifies dispossessing the Indians of their land / Emmerich von Vattel -- Natural law does not justify dispossessing the Indians of their land / Francisco de Vitoria -- White takeover of Indian land : a white's view / Theodore Roosevelt -- White takeover of Indian land : an Indian's view / Chief Joseph -- Indians have an equal claim to the land / John Heckewelder -- Indians are unworthy of keeping their land / Hugh Henry Brackenridge -- Natives of the Americas are noble savages / Michel Eyquem de Montaigne --

Natives of the Americas are uncivilized beasts / Cotton Mather

A white man's view of Indian culture / George Catlin

An Indian view of Washington, D.C. / Herman J. Viola

Whites and Indians cannot live side by side / Lewis Cass

Whites and Indians must learn to live side by side / Nelson A. Miles

Indians must be educated to adopt civilized ways / T.J. Morgan

Indians already have civilized cultures / Benjamin Franklin

Indians should be Christianized / Abraham Steiner

Indians wish to keep their own religion / Charles Alexander Eastman

A white man learns about Indian culture / James Smith

An Indian learns about white culture / Luther Standing Bear

Modern attacks on Columbus are unwarranted / Mark Falcoff

Modern attacks on Columbus are justified / Suzan Shown Harjo, interviewed by Barbara Miner & Michael Dorris

History should continue to acknowledge Columbus as a discoverer / Reed Irvine, Joe Goulden

History should acknowledge Columbus as a ruthless exploiter / Manning Marable.